According to Baldwin (2011), in the 18th century, the Steam Revolution allowed for a decrease in transportation costs, which stimulated and expanded geographically international trade, triggering what the author calls “Globalization’s First Unbundling”. The author also argues that “Globalization’s Second Unbundling” started in 1945 and that this process accelerated from the mid-1990s onwards, as communication costs decreased significantly and there were further improvements in transportation technologies, which enabled global value chain production, task outsourcing and offshoring.
However, despite the Second Unbundling, there has been a resurgence of regional economies and an increase in urban concentration. In some sense, in this hyperglobalized world, location is, at least partially gaining importance. Many have contributed to explain this phenomenon, in which agglomeration economies play a main role, in particular Porter (2014), by developing on the concept of “cluster”. According to many urban economists, citieshave a comparative advantage relative to rural areas, due to substantial productivity benefits for firms, and that agglomeration economies explain urban growth and concentration.
However, in the paper “The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it)”, Rodríguez-Pose (2018) argues that evidence that big cities are the main drivers of growth is far from consistent. Moreover, the author further claims that economic growth which relies heavily on agglomeration economies is geographically unbalanced, at a country level. As a result, some places are being “left behind”: the urban/regional divide has been increasingly reinforced, leading lagging-behind areas to experience long-term economic decline, poverty, diminished opportunities and lack of prospects. Furthermore, some of these regional economies have become dependent on transfers from the government, as the most standard policies have focused on moving “people to places where there are opportunities, not opportunities to declining areas”. (Rodríguez-Pose, 2018)
In the same paper, Rodríguez-Pose develops on the political consequences of the economic decline of certain regions. The author focuses his analysis on specific cases, such as Brexit vote in 2016, the Donald Trump election in 2016 and the French presidential elections in 2017, and argues that the discontent in the lagging-behind areas was expressed via ballot-box (“The reaction is coming from politics rather than economics”), leading to the growth of political populism with territorial foundations, in many Western societies.
Rodríguez-Pose expects that the “revenge” of the lagging-behind areas affects negatively economic growth at country-level. The author highlights the importance of acknowledging the geographic dimension of this economic and political phenomenon and suggests the implementation of place-sensitive development policies, contrary to what has been done in many countries, in the last years.
References:
Baldwin, R. (2011). Trade And Industrialisation After Globalisation’s 2nd Unbundling: How Building And Joining A Supply Chain Are Different And Why It Matters. NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES. https://doi.org/10.3386/w17716
Porter, M. E. (2014, August 1). Clusters and the New Economics of Competition. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/1998/11/clusters-and-the-new-economics-of-competition
Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2018). The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it). Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(1), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx024
Student of the Master’s Degree in Economics
Nova School of Business and Economics
啥也不说了,希望疫情早点结束吧!
Today a reader,tomorrow a leader!
Ye!How aer you today?
So you are a man or woman?
Where there is a will, there is a way.
This Domain Is Good!
疫情还在影响生活!唉!
Very Good!不错呀!
Do nothing and earn up to $2,929,680!Just join the VIP and earn money without work!660,000 HD sexy photos download by package!URL:https://baby.much.pw/
100,000 Backlinks only $10,Subject to data from ahrefs.com.After paid $10 by PayPal (My PayPal:helloboy1979@gmail.com),Tell me your URL, email and comment content.I will complete the task within ten days.But It may take up to a month for the data updated from ahrefs.com.
Do you like watching tv?
Hope for world peace
Appreciate it, Ample information.
order cheap essay help thesis essay writing service australia
Amazing info. Many thanks! https://definitionessays.com/ steps in writing a research paper for high school
You made your point! [url=https://theessayswriters.com/#]online dissertation[/url] how to write a personal statement essay
Whoa plenty of useful facts. extended essay help [url=https://essaypromaster.com/#]write my papers[/url] writing papers
Valuable knowledge. Cheers.
writing an essay online write my essay phd writing service
Nicely put, Thanks.
how to write a proper essay [url=https://altertraff.com]writing an essay ppt[/url] dissertations writing service
Amazing plenty of valuable knowledge.
canada discount drug [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]24 hour pharmacy[/url] my canadian pharmacy
You actually stated it wonderfully.
top rated online canadian pharmacies pharmeasy get prescription online
You made your point quite well..
canadian pharmacy online viagra [url=https://rxpharmacyteam.com]buy prescription drugs from canada[/url] generic viagra online pharmacy https://canadadrugspower.com
Thanks a lot! Lots of info!
personal essay writing service [url=https://essaywriting4you.com]college essay[/url] essay writing services review
Incredible quite a lot of awesome material.
my essay writer essay writing checker hiring freelance writers
Regards! Quite a lot of facts!
how to write a comparison and contrast essay [url=https://quality-essays.com]write my essay[/url] essay paper writing services
Lovely forum posts. With thanks.
cvs pharmacy online canada pharmacy prescription price comparison
You actually stated this fantastically!
canadian drugstore [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]pharmacy price compare[/url] prescription drug assistance https://canadapharmacies-24h.com
You suggested it terrifically!
being a college student essay [url=https://ouressays.com]writing a compare and contrast essay[/url] best website to buy essays
Useful content. Regards.
how to write a narrative essay about yourself https://freshapps.space/ cv writing services london
Whoa many of fantastic facts!
essay helper online [url=https://ouressays.com]https://ouressays.com/[/url] write my personal statement
Really all kinds of superb info!
price pro pharmacy canada [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]online pharmacy no prescription[/url] canadian drug store
Kudos. Numerous advice.
cheap canadian drugs cheap pharmacy online pharmacy online shopping
Nicely put. Appreciate it!
mexican online pharmacies [url=https://canadianpharmacies-24h.com]canada medication pharmacy[/url] canadian pharmacy 365 https://canadapharmacies-24h.com
Very good data. Thanks a lot.
prime essay writing [url=https://quality-essays.com]https://quality-essays.com/[/url] academic writers needed
Kudos. Ample stuff!
how to write a comparing and contrasting essay essay writing skill website content writing
Wow all kinds of amazing data.
starting a college essay with a quote [url=https://dissertationwritingtops.com]https://dissertationwritingtops.com/[/url] write my book report
Nicely put. Thank you!
londondrugs [url=https://rxpharmacyteam.com]rx pharmacy[/url] us pharmacy no prior prescription
Awesome tips. Many thanks!
canadian pharmacies online online medicine order discount prescription drugs without prior prescription
Amazing posts, Kudos!
national pharmacies [url=https://rxpharmacyteam.com]online pharmacy reviews[/url] legit online pharmacy https://canadapharmacies-24h.com
Nicely put, Kudos!
how to write essays [url=https://topswritingservices.com]writing a argumentative essay[/url] best dissertation writers
Truly a good deal of fantastic facts!
how to write a informative essay essay writing service best freelance content writing websites
Nicely put, Thanks a lot!
writing essay help [url=https://englishessayhelp.com]how to write a nonfiction essay[/url] essays websites
Thanks a lot. I appreciate this!
online pharmacies legitimate [url=https://online-pharmacy-inc.com]cialis from canada[/url] canadian drugstore
Info effectively considered!.
canadian online pharmacy reviews canadian pharmacies canadian pharmacies-24h
Thanks. I like this.
discount drugs online pharmacy [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]online pharmacy without prescription[/url] canada meds https://canadarx-drugservices.com
Kudos, A lot of posts.
how to write a great essay https://topswritingservices.com/ best college writing services
Beneficial info. With thanks!
essay writing service forum writing a hook for an essay custom writing service
Wonderful content, Regards!
how to write essays better [url=https://theessayswriters.com]buy essay online safe[/url] thesis writing service reviews
You actually expressed this perfectly!
canadian pharmacies without an rx canadian prescriptions pharmacy online prescription
Thank you, Excellent stuff.
online pharmacies canada [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]non prescription online pharmacy reviews[/url] prescription pricing https://canadianpharmacyonlinedb.com
You stated that wonderfully!
how to write an evaluation essay [url=https://orangepornhub.com]essay writing service[/url] business writing service
Superb data. Kudos.
best essay review services argumentative essay writing help online
You suggested this superbly!
essay writer website [url=https://writingthesistops.com]essays writer[/url] online thesis writing services
You said it nicely..
canada medication pharmacy [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]no prescription pharmacy[/url] cheap prescription drugs
Thank you! Quite a lot of forum posts!
canadian prescriptions online canadian drugstore prescription online
Fine advice. Thank you.
london drugs canada [url=https://canadapharmacyspace.com]best online pharmacies no prescription[/url] medication costs https://canadianpharmacies-24h.com
You actually expressed that effectively!
writing history essays [url=https://dissertationwritingtops.com]essay writers service[/url] writing editing services
Thank you! Helpful stuff.
writing a rhetorical analysis essay https://essayssolution.com/ college admission essay writing service
Appreciate it! Plenty of postings.
essay competitions for college students [url=https://altertraff.com]writing reflective essays[/url] write my report online
You actually explained that exceptionally well!
drugstore online shopping [url=https://canadapharmacyspace.com]canadian pharmacies online[/url] canadian king pharmacy
You actually suggested that adequately.
canadian pharma companies prescription drug cost online rx pharmacy
Kudos. Great stuff.
pharmacy online mexico [url=https://northwestpharmacylabs.com]navarro pharmacy miami[/url] canadian pharcharmy online https://rxpharmacyteam.com
Perfectly spoken certainly. !
essays on the movie the help [url=https://topswritingservices.com]https://topswritingservices.com/[/url] college essay writing services
Cheers. I enjoy it!
how to write essay conclusion https://altertraff.com/ online essay writing service review
Thanks a lot. Ample info!
help essay 123 [url=https://essayssolution.com]https://essayssolution.com/[/url] assignment writer
This is nicely said! !
online discount pharmacy [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]list of approved canadian pharmacies[/url] canada pharma limited llc
With thanks! Valuable information!
online pharmacy canada online pharmacy drugstore canada pharmaceuticals online
You actually stated that perfectly!
discount drugs online pharmacy [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]online canadian discount pharmacy[/url] canadian viagra generic pharmacy https://northwestpharmacylabs.com
Reliable forum posts. Regards!
custom essay writing canada [url=https://dissertationwritingtops.com]first generation college student essay[/url] help with writing assignments
You actually said that terrifically.
how to write a summary essay how to write an argumentative essay fast essay writing service
Incredible a lot of awesome info.
how to write an essay proposal [url=https://orangepornhub.com]cheap essay writing services[/url] trusted essay writing service
Regards, I enjoy this.
list of approved canadian pharmacies [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]canadian drugs pharmacies online[/url] discount pharmaceuticals
Wow quite a lot of helpful data.
prescription prices comparison international drug mart canadian pharmacy online store buy generic viagra online
You explained that adequately!
drugs from canada online [url=https://canadadrugspower.com]prescription drugs without doctor approval[/url] prescription cost https://northwestpharmacylabs.com
Really a good deal of terrific info!
application essays for college [url=https://homeworkcourseworkhelps.com]argumentative essay topics[/url] writer service
Wow a good deal of excellent knowledge.
what is the best custom essay site essay writing service business letter writing services
You actually suggested that very well!
how to write an evaluative essay [url=https://freshapps.space]college essay editing service[/url] academic writers online review
You’ve made your point.
prescription price comparison [url=https://canadianpharmacylist.com]prescription drugs from canada online[/url] mexican pharmacy online medications
Incredible quite a lot of great information!
drugs from canada online canada pharmacy online no script prescription drugs online without doctor
You stated this exceptionally well.
pharmacy cost comparison [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]pharmacy prices compare[/url] pharmacy online mexico https://canadadrugspower.com
Point very well considered!!
help writing a narrative essay [url=https://flowleadsua.com]https://flowleadsua.com/[/url] articles writing service
Many thanks! Quite a lot of facts!
good essay writing company https://ouressays.com/ ebook writing service
You revealed that well!
college transfer essay [url=https://englishessayhelp.com]essays writing service[/url] proposal writing services
Great tips. Many thanks.
pharmacy online [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]canadian pharmaceuticals online safe[/url] canadian drugstore reviews
Nicely put, Thank you!
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs without prior prescription canadian pharmacy viagra
Nicely put. Appreciate it!
pharmacy uk [url=https://canadianpharmacyonlinedb.com]mexican pharmacies shipping to usa[/url] pharmacy cost comparison https://canadianpharmacies-24h.com
Superb write ups, Kudos.
essay help online chat [url=https://freshappshere.com]essays writing service[/url] hiring ghostwriters
Incredible many of good tips.
steps in writing a persuasive essay argumentative essay custom academic writing services
Nicely put, Thank you.
writing a personal essay for college [url=https://agbsl.pro]essay writing service[/url] christian ghostwriting services
You said it nicely.!
cheap drugs [url=https://northwestpharmacylabs.com]medicine online order[/url] canadian online pharmacies
With thanks! Numerous facts!
prescription drugs from canada online canada drugs online online pharmacy busted
Useful facts. Thanks!
pharmacy [url=https://northwestpharmacylabs.com]buy prescription drugs canada[/url] canadian prescription drugstore https://canadianpharmacies-24h.com
Info very well regarded!.
make money writing essays [url=https://agbsl.pro]essay rewriter[/url] custom written dissertation
Truly quite a lot of very good knowledge.
how to write an essay about yourself https://orangepornhub.com/ academic writers online review
You actually said it adequately!
someone to write my essay [url=https://homeworkcourseworkhelps.com]personal essay help[/url] custom writing bay
Perfectly spoken genuinely. !
fda approved canadian online pharmacies [url=https://rxpharmacyteam.com]canada drug prices[/url] pharmacy technician classes online free
Thanks a lot. A good amount of tips!
canadian family pharmacy no prior prescription required pharmacy best canadian online pharmacies
Thanks! Wonderful information!
website that grades essays [url=https://dissertationwritingtops.com]https://dissertationwritingtops.com/[/url] custom writing plagiarism
You actually said this terrifically!
pharmacy price compare [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]canadian pharmacy no prescription needed[/url] costco online pharmacy https://canadadrugspower.com
Terrific facts, Thanks!
essay help service academic essay help reliable essay writing service
Terrific info. Kudos.
do my essay for cheap [url=https://theessayswriters.com]essaytyper[/url] custom writing sign in
Thanks a lot! I value it.
canada pharmacy online orders [url=https://rxpharmacyteam.com]best non prescription online pharmacies[/url] cialis from canada
Very good forum posts. Thank you!
pharmacies online medicine online order canadian prescription drugstore
You have made your stand pretty effectively.!
write college essay [url=https://theessayswriters.com]https://theessayswriters.com/[/url] essays website
Cheers! Numerous stuff.
approved canadian online pharmacies [url=https://rxpharmacyteam.com]canadian drugstore[/url] canada pharmacies/account https://canadarx-drugservices.com
Reliable posts. With thanks.
college essay writers block https://homeworkcourseworkhelps.com/ help with speech writing
Cheers, Wonderful information!
college scholarship essay help [url=https://ouressays.com]essays writers[/url] content writing service
Really a lot of fantastic material!
pharmacie [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]us pharmacy no prior prescription[/url] us pharmacy no prior prescription
You made your point.
write essay service [url=https://flowleadsua.com]writing comparison essay[/url] cheap thesis writing services
Terrific knowledge. Appreciate it!
medicine online shopping online canadian pharmacy canadian drug
You actually reported this fantastically.
buying prescription drugs canada [url=https://northwestpharmacylabs.com]pharmacy canada[/url] pharmacy drugstore online https://rxpharmacyteam.com
Kudos! Great information.
how to write a similarities and differences essay write my essay south park professional resume writing services
Fantastic facts, Appreciate it.
writing dialogue in an essay [url=https://freshapps.space]essay typer[/url] essays on writing by writers
With thanks, I appreciate it!
discount prescription drug [url=https://canadianpharmacyonlinedb.com]best online pharmacies no prescription[/url] canadian drugs
Very good postings. With thanks!
writing essay services [url=https://dissertationwritingtops.com]https://dissertationwritingtops.com/[/url] help with handwriting
Thank you! I appreciate it!
panacea pharmacy viagra pharmacy 100mg canadian drugs pharmacies online
Nicely put, With thanks!
writing a rhetorical analysis essay essays writing service hiring freelance writers
Regards! Terrific information!
canada pharmaceuticals [url=https://canadianpharmacylist.com]mexican online pharmacies[/url] canadian online pharmacies legitimate https://online-pharmacy-inc.com
With thanks, An abundance of advice!
buy essay writing [url=https://essaywriting4you.com]https://essaywriting4you.com/[/url] write my lab report
With thanks, A good amount of content.
cheap viagra online canadian pharmacy [url=https://canadianpharmacies-24h.com]canadian drugs[/url] canadian pharmacy no prescription
Nicely put. Kudos!
argument essay help [url=https://topswritingservices.com]how to write an introduction to an essay[/url] creative writing websites for students
Many thanks. Plenty of advice!
online pharmacies canada canada viagra viagra canada
You actually revealed this very well!
online essay editing services https://orangepornhub.com/ essay paper writers
Very good postings. Thanks a lot.
writing a literary analysis essay [url=https://topswritingservices.com]how to write persuasive essay[/url] writer dissertation
Fine write ups. Thank you!
mail order pharmacy [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]medicine online shopping[/url] canada pharmacies online prescriptions https://northwestpharmacylabs.com
With thanks. Excellent stuff!
canadadrugs pharmacy [url=https://northwestpharmacylabs.com]walmart pharmacy online[/url] online pharmacy drugstore
Well expressed of course! !
college scholarships essays [url=https://freshapps.space]https://freshapps.space/[/url] executive resume writing services
You made your point extremely clearly.!
help in writing an essay write my essay pay to have essay written
You actually mentioned it effectively.
cheap prescription drugs online viagra canada cialis pharmacy online
Whoa plenty of beneficial knowledge.
writing an essay for college [url=https://essaywriting4you.com]steps of writing an essay[/url] coursework writer
You actually explained it effectively.
pharmacy discount [url=https://canadianpharmacyonlinedb.com]canadian pharmacy viagra brand[/url] canada rx https://canadapharmacyspace.com
Nicely put. Many thanks!
canada drug prices [url=https://canadapharmacyspace.com]safeway pharmacy[/url] canada pharmacies online
You reported it wonderfully!
buy essay service [url=https://homeworkcourseworkhelps.com]https://homeworkcourseworkhelps.com/[/url] affordable writing services
Info clearly taken..
how to write an amazing essay essay writing service legit urgent essay writing service
Thanks, A good amount of stuff!
essay writers review [url=https://flowleadsua.com]pay to write my essay[/url] websites to write essays
Awesome facts. Many thanks.
online pharmacy india navarro pharmacy canada drugs online pharmacy
Perfectly spoken indeed! .
discount drugs online pharmacy [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]cheap canadian drugs[/url] canadian drug stores online https://canadadrugspower.com
With thanks, I enjoy this.
help writing scholarship essays [url=https://ouressays.com]essay[/url] custom thesis writing
Thanks, Plenty of info.
canadian pharmacy cialis 20mg [url=https://online-pharmacy-inc.com]generic viagra online[/url] fda approved canadian online pharmacies
Amazing a good deal of useful info!
college essay music https://essayssolution.com/ best essay writing service review
Kudos! I enjoy this.
help write an essay online [url=https://service-essay.com]https://service-essay.com/[/url] business writing services
Awesome data. Appreciate it!
mexican online pharmacies mexican pharmacies online pharmacy prices
You have made your position quite well!!
canada pharmacies/account [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]mail order pharmacy[/url] prescription drugs prices https://canadarx-drugservices.com
Reliable advice. Kudos.
i need help to write an essay [url=https://freshappshere.com]write my essay[/url] personal statement writing services
Thanks a lot! I enjoy it.
drugstore online [url=https://canadarx-drugservices.com]canadian prescription drugs[/url] prescription drugs without prior prescription
You mentioned that exceptionally well!
how i can write essay college persuasive essay personal statement writing service
Appreciate it. A lot of advice.
someone write my essay for me [url=https://ouressays.com]https://ouressays.com/[/url] thesis writer
Nicely put. Appreciate it!
buy drugs online costco pharmacy pricing drugs from canada with prescription
Really loads of beneficial data.
northwest pharmacy canada [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]canada drugs direct[/url] trusted overseas pharmacies https://online-pharmacy-inc.com
Thank you! I appreciate it!
how to write a narrative essay about an experience [url=https://ouressays.com]essay writing services[/url] top online resume writing services
Kudos. Numerous content.
online pharmacy reviews [url=https://canadapharmacies-24h.com]drugs from canada with prescription[/url] buy drugs online
With thanks! An abundance of advice.
how to write a good comparative essay how to write an argumentative essay blog writing service
Appreciate it. Lots of information!
cheap essay writing service [url=https://writingthesistops.com]argumentative essay helper[/url] writers needed
Kudos, Numerous data!
canadian pharcharmy online canadian prescription drugs pharmacy prices compare
You actually explained this adequately!
cialis canada [url=https://rxpharmacyteam.com]pharmacy discount[/url] pharmacie canadienne https://canadapharmacies-24h.com
This is nicely expressed! .
bad college application essays [url=https://topswritingservices.com]how to write a essay for scholarship[/url] high quality article writing service
Many thanks. Awesome stuff.
what not to write in a college essay write my essay help writing a dissertation
Thank you, Good information!
writing essay introductions [url=https://essayssolution.com]essay writings[/url] websites that write essays for you
Seriously lots of very good data.
list of legitimate canadian pharmacies [url=https://online-pharmacy-inc.com]generic viagra online pharmacy[/url] canadian pharmacy drugs online
Nicely put, With thanks.
us pharmacy no prior prescription drugs without prescription london drugs canada
Good knowledge. Kudos!
trusted overseas pharmacies [url=https://northwestpharmacylabs.com]pharmacies[/url] walgreens pharmacy online https://rxpharmacyteam.com
This is nicely expressed. .
how to write english essays [url=https://essaypromaster.com]descriptive essay help[/url] best essay writing service
You actually said it wonderfully.
how i can write essay https://freshapps.space/ help writing dissertation
Incredible all kinds of amazing tips.
sat essay help [url=https://freshappshere.com]https://freshappshere.com/[/url] website essay
You made your stand pretty clearly!.
non prescription online pharmacy reviews [url=https://canadianonlinepharmacybase.com]pharmacie canadienne[/url] canadian pharmacy online canada
You actually said it adequately!
canada online pharmacy online medicine shopping canadian family pharmacy
Fine content. With thanks!
canadian pharmacy generic viagra [url=https://onlinepharmacycanadahelp.com]mexican pharmacies[/url] canadian pharmacy king https://canadianpharmacies-24h.com
Tips certainly considered.!
essay writing rubrics [url=https://freshapps.space]writing a college essay[/url] academic writing services company
Valuable tips. Cheers.
along these lines writing paragraphs and essays essay writing service best professional cv writing services
Awesome stuff. Thank you!
guidelines to write an essay [url=https://essaypromaster.com]analysis essay writing[/url] cheap custom essay writing service
Valuable stuff. Kudos!
cialis pharmacy online [url=https://canadapharmacyspace.com]medication costs[/url] canadian pharmacy review
You’ve made the point!
online medicine order discount rx pharmacy modafinil online pharmacy
Cheers, An abundance of facts!
canadian drugstore reviews [url=https://canadarx-drugservices.com]medicine online order[/url] northwest pharmaceuticals canada https://canadianpharmacies-24h.com
You said it perfectly..
need help writing essay [url=https://freshapps.space]how to write an argumentative essay[/url] essay writing service canada
Thanks a lot. Loads of postings!
essay writing service discount code https://quality-essays.com/ best assignment writing service
With thanks! Useful information!
essay checking service [url=https://essayssolution.com]scholarship essay help[/url] online custom writing services