According to Baldwin (2011), in the 18th century, the Steam Revolution allowed for a decrease in transportation costs, which stimulated and expanded geographically international trade, triggering what the author calls

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The second edition of 2022 from The Economist covers how Europe is going through a severe energy crisis and how the Ukraine-Russia tensions are affecting it. Europe has entered this winter with

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Portugal is entering an era of political debates that precedes the upcoming elections. At this point, issues related to the public debt start to appear. But what is public debt?

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The economic crisis that affects the entire world due to the Covid-19 pandemic is quite visible. Portugal and Europe were severely hit by this crisis, with GDP falling by around

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Despite its well-known environmental impacts, the fashion industry continues to grow. By 2017, global consumption had risen to 62 million tonnes of apparel per year and is expected to reach

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Having just left the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference behind, it is time to look whether countries are going to walk the talk on climate change. Following the guidance and

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The world has been living through an extremely peculiar period due to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: people were forced to stay home; schools closed; businesses had to adapt their operational

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Throughout history, there has been a progressive adoption of market economies within countries. One economical school of thought – liberalism – states that if we let markets work by themselves,

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Last November and December, the next long-term EU budget was approved along with Next Generation EU (NGEU), a temporary instrument aimed at boosting the recovery from the economic impacts of

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In 2020, new official development assistance (ODA) maximum thresholds were set in the world. ODA has been defined by OECD as government aid attributed to middle and low-income countries, or

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