According to Baldwin (2011), in the 18th century, the Steam Revolution allowed for a decrease in transportation costs, which stimulated and expanded geographically international trade, triggering what the author calls
The second edition of 2022 from The Economist covers how Europe is going through a severe energy crisis and how the Ukraine-Russia tensions are affecting it. Europe has entered this winter with
Portugal is entering an era of political debates that precedes the upcoming elections. At this point, issues related to the public debt start to appear. But what is public debt?
The economic crisis that affects the entire world due to the Covid-19 pandemic is quite visible. Portugal and Europe were severely hit by this crisis, with GDP falling by around
Despite its well-known environmental impacts, the fashion industry continues to grow. By 2017, global consumption had risen to 62 million tonnes of apparel per year and is expected to reach
Having just left the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference behind, it is time to look whether countries are going to walk the talk on climate change. Following the guidance and
The world has been living through an extremely peculiar period due to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis: people were forced to stay home; schools closed; businesses had to adapt their operational
Throughout history, there has been a progressive adoption of market economies within countries. One economical school of thought – liberalism – states that if we let markets work by themselves,
Last November and December, the next long-term EU budget was approved along with Next Generation EU (NGEU), a temporary instrument aimed at boosting the recovery from the economic impacts of
In 2020, new official development assistance (ODA) maximum thresholds were set in the world. ODA has been defined by OECD as government aid attributed to middle and low-income countries, or
